Carleton University

Associate Professor, Sprott School of Business

Current research projects: A consumer life-span approach to understanding Arts attendance; Women and Entrepreneurship: the role of post-secondary pedagogy in shaping identity, values and aspirations; The making and marketing of a Canadian icon: Tom Thomson.

Carleton University

Assistant Professor, Sprott School of Business

Executive Committee Member and Research Coordinator for Nonprofit Management area, Sprott Centre for Social Enterprise

Current research projects: usability of wine industry websites; professional wrestling as part of television history; advertising by not-for-profits; the pursuit of family history

Employment & Immigration Canada

Employment Counsellor

Leighann worked at Employment & Immigration Canada as a Employment Counsellor

University of Guelph

Lecturer, Department of Marketing & Consumer Studies

Teaching responsibilities: Introduction to Information Systems (undergrad), Qualitative Research Methods (graduate level).

Placement Services, Carleton University

On Campus Recruitment/Employment Programs Coordinator

Leighann worked at Placement Services, Carleton University as a On Campus Recruitment/Employment Programs Coordinator

Pre-Confederation Canadian Marketing History

Chapter 18 in Brian D.G. Jones and Mark Tadajewski (Eds.), Companion to Marketing History, London: Routledge, 333-352. DOI: 10.4324/9781315882857

Pre-Confederation Canadian Marketing History

Chapter 18 in Brian D.G. Jones and Mark Tadajewski (Eds.), Companion to Marketing History, London: Routledge, 333-352. DOI: 10.4324/9781315882857

Great Granny Lives On: Pursuing Immortality through Family History Research

Chapter 11 in Susan Dobscha (Ed.), Death in a Consumer Culture, London: Routledge, 170-183.

Pre-Confederation Canadian Marketing History

Chapter 18 in Brian D.G. Jones and Mark Tadajewski (Eds.), Companion to Marketing History, London: Routledge, 333-352. DOI: 10.4324/9781315882857

Great Granny Lives On: Pursuing Immortality through Family History Research

Chapter 11 in Susan Dobscha (Ed.), Death in a Consumer Culture, London: Routledge, 170-183.

Protect, profit, profess, promote: Establishing legitimacy through logics of ‘diversity’ in Canadian accounting firm recruitment documents

Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. DOI: 10.1002/cjas.1392

Prospective accounting recruits are increasingly diverse. Drawing on a theoretical framework that combines legitimacy theory, impression management, and institutional logics, we use content analysis to examine how the eight largest Canadian accounting firms refer to diversity in their recruitment websites. Our analysis reveals accounting firms adopt multiple institutional logics and various impression management strategies to enhance legitimacy in the eyes of prospective diversity-sensitive employees. We find four “Ps” of diversity-related institutional logics—protect, profit, profess, and promote—all of which are at play in accounting firms' websites. Further, we find that diversity is far from being an institutionalized concept. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Pre-Confederation Canadian Marketing History

Chapter 18 in Brian D.G. Jones and Mark Tadajewski (Eds.), Companion to Marketing History, London: Routledge, 333-352. DOI: 10.4324/9781315882857

Great Granny Lives On: Pursuing Immortality through Family History Research

Chapter 11 in Susan Dobscha (Ed.), Death in a Consumer Culture, London: Routledge, 170-183.

Protect, profit, profess, promote: Establishing legitimacy through logics of ‘diversity’ in Canadian accounting firm recruitment documents

Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. DOI: 10.1002/cjas.1392

Prospective accounting recruits are increasingly diverse. Drawing on a theoretical framework that combines legitimacy theory, impression management, and institutional logics, we use content analysis to examine how the eight largest Canadian accounting firms refer to diversity in their recruitment websites. Our analysis reveals accounting firms adopt multiple institutional logics and various impression management strategies to enhance legitimacy in the eyes of prospective diversity-sensitive employees. We find four “Ps” of diversity-related institutional logics—protect, profit, profess, and promote—all of which are at play in accounting firms' websites. Further, we find that diversity is far from being an institutionalized concept. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development Porn? Child Sponsorship Advertisements in the 1970s

Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 3 (3), 370-401. DOI: 10.1108/17557501111157788

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children in the developing world in a manner described as “development porn”. The purpose of this paper is to take an historical approach to investigating the use of advertising techniques by Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship‐based non‐governmental development agencies, Plan International, during the 1970s. This time period represents an important era in international development and a time of significant change in the charitable giving and advertising industries in Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct a content analysis on an archival collection of 468 print advertisements from the 1970s. Findings – A description of the “typical” Plan Canada fund‐raising ad is presented and shown to be different, in several aspects, from other advertisements of the time period. It was determined that Plan Canada's advertisement did not cross the delicate line between showing the hardship and realities of life in the developing world for these children and what became known as “development porn”. Originality/value – There has been little previous research which focuses specifically on the design of charity advertisements. This paper presents a historically contextualized description of such ads, providing a baseline for further research. It also raises important questions regarding the portrayal of the “other” in marketing communications and the extent to which aid agencies must go to attract the attention of potential donors.

Pre-Confederation Canadian Marketing History

Chapter 18 in Brian D.G. Jones and Mark Tadajewski (Eds.), Companion to Marketing History, London: Routledge, 333-352. DOI: 10.4324/9781315882857

Great Granny Lives On: Pursuing Immortality through Family History Research

Chapter 11 in Susan Dobscha (Ed.), Death in a Consumer Culture, London: Routledge, 170-183.

Protect, profit, profess, promote: Establishing legitimacy through logics of ‘diversity’ in Canadian accounting firm recruitment documents

Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. DOI: 10.1002/cjas.1392

Prospective accounting recruits are increasingly diverse. Drawing on a theoretical framework that combines legitimacy theory, impression management, and institutional logics, we use content analysis to examine how the eight largest Canadian accounting firms refer to diversity in their recruitment websites. Our analysis reveals accounting firms adopt multiple institutional logics and various impression management strategies to enhance legitimacy in the eyes of prospective diversity-sensitive employees. We find four “Ps” of diversity-related institutional logics—protect, profit, profess, and promote—all of which are at play in accounting firms' websites. Further, we find that diversity is far from being an institutionalized concept. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development Porn? Child Sponsorship Advertisements in the 1970s

Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 3 (3), 370-401. DOI: 10.1108/17557501111157788

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children in the developing world in a manner described as “development porn”. The purpose of this paper is to take an historical approach to investigating the use of advertising techniques by Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship‐based non‐governmental development agencies, Plan International, during the 1970s. This time period represents an important era in international development and a time of significant change in the charitable giving and advertising industries in Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct a content analysis on an archival collection of 468 print advertisements from the 1970s. Findings – A description of the “typical” Plan Canada fund‐raising ad is presented and shown to be different, in several aspects, from other advertisements of the time period. It was determined that Plan Canada's advertisement did not cross the delicate line between showing the hardship and realities of life in the developing world for these children and what became known as “development porn”. Originality/value – There has been little previous research which focuses specifically on the design of charity advertisements. This paper presents a historically contextualized description of such ads, providing a baseline for further research. It also raises important questions regarding the portrayal of the “other” in marketing communications and the extent to which aid agencies must go to attract the attention of potential donors.

Ideological Outcomes of Marketing Practices: A Critical Historical Analysis of Child Sponsorship Programs

Chapter 1 in Russell W. Belk, Soren Askegaard and Linda Scott (Eds.) Research in Consumer Behavior, Vol. 14, UK: Emerald Publishing, 9-27. DOI: 10.1108/S0885-2111(2102)0000014005

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children from the developing world in a manner described as “development porn” in their marketing communications, and of operating in such a way as to reinforce beliefs that people in the global South are powerless, dependent on help from the developed North. This research takes a critical, historical approach to investigating the marketing practices of Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship-based development agencies, in order to evaluate outcomes of charitable giving at the social and ideological level. Methodology – We adopted a consumer storytelling theoretical lens to conduct narrative analysis of letters written by donors upon their return from visiting their sponsor children. Findings – We reveal how even if aid recipients are treated with respect in marketing communications, ideological outcomes which reinforce Northern hegemony may still result. Social implications – Although charitable acts by individuals are commonly encouraged and lauded, marketers may play a role in perpetuating negative outcomes that result from this consumer action, such as reinforcing notions of cultural difference and superiority. Originality/value of paper – Only a few researchers have investigated the social and ideological outcomes of charitable giving. We investigate the outcome of charitable giving on the donor and recipient communities and relationship between these communities. Models of charitable giving need to be revised to include these outcomes.

Pre-Confederation Canadian Marketing History

Chapter 18 in Brian D.G. Jones and Mark Tadajewski (Eds.), Companion to Marketing History, London: Routledge, 333-352. DOI: 10.4324/9781315882857

Great Granny Lives On: Pursuing Immortality through Family History Research

Chapter 11 in Susan Dobscha (Ed.), Death in a Consumer Culture, London: Routledge, 170-183.

Protect, profit, profess, promote: Establishing legitimacy through logics of ‘diversity’ in Canadian accounting firm recruitment documents

Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. DOI: 10.1002/cjas.1392

Prospective accounting recruits are increasingly diverse. Drawing on a theoretical framework that combines legitimacy theory, impression management, and institutional logics, we use content analysis to examine how the eight largest Canadian accounting firms refer to diversity in their recruitment websites. Our analysis reveals accounting firms adopt multiple institutional logics and various impression management strategies to enhance legitimacy in the eyes of prospective diversity-sensitive employees. We find four “Ps” of diversity-related institutional logics—protect, profit, profess, and promote—all of which are at play in accounting firms' websites. Further, we find that diversity is far from being an institutionalized concept. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development Porn? Child Sponsorship Advertisements in the 1970s

Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 3 (3), 370-401. DOI: 10.1108/17557501111157788

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children in the developing world in a manner described as “development porn”. The purpose of this paper is to take an historical approach to investigating the use of advertising techniques by Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship‐based non‐governmental development agencies, Plan International, during the 1970s. This time period represents an important era in international development and a time of significant change in the charitable giving and advertising industries in Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct a content analysis on an archival collection of 468 print advertisements from the 1970s. Findings – A description of the “typical” Plan Canada fund‐raising ad is presented and shown to be different, in several aspects, from other advertisements of the time period. It was determined that Plan Canada's advertisement did not cross the delicate line between showing the hardship and realities of life in the developing world for these children and what became known as “development porn”. Originality/value – There has been little previous research which focuses specifically on the design of charity advertisements. This paper presents a historically contextualized description of such ads, providing a baseline for further research. It also raises important questions regarding the portrayal of the “other” in marketing communications and the extent to which aid agencies must go to attract the attention of potential donors.

Ideological Outcomes of Marketing Practices: A Critical Historical Analysis of Child Sponsorship Programs

Chapter 1 in Russell W. Belk, Soren Askegaard and Linda Scott (Eds.) Research in Consumer Behavior, Vol. 14, UK: Emerald Publishing, 9-27. DOI: 10.1108/S0885-2111(2102)0000014005

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children from the developing world in a manner described as “development porn” in their marketing communications, and of operating in such a way as to reinforce beliefs that people in the global South are powerless, dependent on help from the developed North. This research takes a critical, historical approach to investigating the marketing practices of Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship-based development agencies, in order to evaluate outcomes of charitable giving at the social and ideological level. Methodology – We adopted a consumer storytelling theoretical lens to conduct narrative analysis of letters written by donors upon their return from visiting their sponsor children. Findings – We reveal how even if aid recipients are treated with respect in marketing communications, ideological outcomes which reinforce Northern hegemony may still result. Social implications – Although charitable acts by individuals are commonly encouraged and lauded, marketers may play a role in perpetuating negative outcomes that result from this consumer action, such as reinforcing notions of cultural difference and superiority. Originality/value of paper – Only a few researchers have investigated the social and ideological outcomes of charitable giving. We investigate the outcome of charitable giving on the donor and recipient communities and relationship between these communities. Models of charitable giving need to be revised to include these outcomes.

Using Winery Websites to Attract Wine Tourists: An International Comparison

International Journal of Wine Business Research, 26 (1), 2-26. DOI: 10.1108/IJWBR-07-2012-0022

Purpose – This paper aims to report on a study of wine regions in five countries that assessed whether and how wineries use their web sites to provide information to and attract wine tourists. Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis of winery web sites from wine regions in five countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, France, USA) was conducted. Findings – While the majority of wineries in the study utilized web sites to provide information to consumers, there were significant differences in the effectiveness with which they did so. Wineries desiring to attract tourist visitors should ensure that basic information content is present (e.g. hours of operation, directions to the winery). Although some wineries have begun to engage consumers on mobile platforms, more can be done to ensure access to information at all stages of the tourist visit process. Research limitations/implications – Due to time and budget constraints, the study evaluated the web sites in only some wine regions of five wine-producing countries. Future researchers can build on this study by evaluating winery web sites in additional wine regions and countries. Practical implications – The authors identify practical ways in which wineries can enhance the information they provide via their web sites to attract winery visitors and augment cellar door sales. Originality/value – Previous research has examined winery web sites at the level of the destination marketing organization or individual winery within a country; the authors look at individual winery web sites in international comparison. Wineries seeking to attract tourists to their cellar door operations can thus evaluate their online communications in comparison with national and international competitors and best practices.

Pre-Confederation Canadian Marketing History

Chapter 18 in Brian D.G. Jones and Mark Tadajewski (Eds.), Companion to Marketing History, London: Routledge, 333-352. DOI: 10.4324/9781315882857

Great Granny Lives On: Pursuing Immortality through Family History Research

Chapter 11 in Susan Dobscha (Ed.), Death in a Consumer Culture, London: Routledge, 170-183.

Protect, profit, profess, promote: Establishing legitimacy through logics of ‘diversity’ in Canadian accounting firm recruitment documents

Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. DOI: 10.1002/cjas.1392

Prospective accounting recruits are increasingly diverse. Drawing on a theoretical framework that combines legitimacy theory, impression management, and institutional logics, we use content analysis to examine how the eight largest Canadian accounting firms refer to diversity in their recruitment websites. Our analysis reveals accounting firms adopt multiple institutional logics and various impression management strategies to enhance legitimacy in the eyes of prospective diversity-sensitive employees. We find four “Ps” of diversity-related institutional logics—protect, profit, profess, and promote—all of which are at play in accounting firms' websites. Further, we find that diversity is far from being an institutionalized concept. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development Porn? Child Sponsorship Advertisements in the 1970s

Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 3 (3), 370-401. DOI: 10.1108/17557501111157788

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children in the developing world in a manner described as “development porn”. The purpose of this paper is to take an historical approach to investigating the use of advertising techniques by Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship‐based non‐governmental development agencies, Plan International, during the 1970s. This time period represents an important era in international development and a time of significant change in the charitable giving and advertising industries in Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct a content analysis on an archival collection of 468 print advertisements from the 1970s. Findings – A description of the “typical” Plan Canada fund‐raising ad is presented and shown to be different, in several aspects, from other advertisements of the time period. It was determined that Plan Canada's advertisement did not cross the delicate line between showing the hardship and realities of life in the developing world for these children and what became known as “development porn”. Originality/value – There has been little previous research which focuses specifically on the design of charity advertisements. This paper presents a historically contextualized description of such ads, providing a baseline for further research. It also raises important questions regarding the portrayal of the “other” in marketing communications and the extent to which aid agencies must go to attract the attention of potential donors.

Ideological Outcomes of Marketing Practices: A Critical Historical Analysis of Child Sponsorship Programs

Chapter 1 in Russell W. Belk, Soren Askegaard and Linda Scott (Eds.) Research in Consumer Behavior, Vol. 14, UK: Emerald Publishing, 9-27. DOI: 10.1108/S0885-2111(2102)0000014005

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children from the developing world in a manner described as “development porn” in their marketing communications, and of operating in such a way as to reinforce beliefs that people in the global South are powerless, dependent on help from the developed North. This research takes a critical, historical approach to investigating the marketing practices of Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship-based development agencies, in order to evaluate outcomes of charitable giving at the social and ideological level. Methodology – We adopted a consumer storytelling theoretical lens to conduct narrative analysis of letters written by donors upon their return from visiting their sponsor children. Findings – We reveal how even if aid recipients are treated with respect in marketing communications, ideological outcomes which reinforce Northern hegemony may still result. Social implications – Although charitable acts by individuals are commonly encouraged and lauded, marketers may play a role in perpetuating negative outcomes that result from this consumer action, such as reinforcing notions of cultural difference and superiority. Originality/value of paper – Only a few researchers have investigated the social and ideological outcomes of charitable giving. We investigate the outcome of charitable giving on the donor and recipient communities and relationship between these communities. Models of charitable giving need to be revised to include these outcomes.

Using Winery Websites to Attract Wine Tourists: An International Comparison

International Journal of Wine Business Research, 26 (1), 2-26. DOI: 10.1108/IJWBR-07-2012-0022

Purpose – This paper aims to report on a study of wine regions in five countries that assessed whether and how wineries use their web sites to provide information to and attract wine tourists. Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis of winery web sites from wine regions in five countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, France, USA) was conducted. Findings – While the majority of wineries in the study utilized web sites to provide information to consumers, there were significant differences in the effectiveness with which they did so. Wineries desiring to attract tourist visitors should ensure that basic information content is present (e.g. hours of operation, directions to the winery). Although some wineries have begun to engage consumers on mobile platforms, more can be done to ensure access to information at all stages of the tourist visit process. Research limitations/implications – Due to time and budget constraints, the study evaluated the web sites in only some wine regions of five wine-producing countries. Future researchers can build on this study by evaluating winery web sites in additional wine regions and countries. Practical implications – The authors identify practical ways in which wineries can enhance the information they provide via their web sites to attract winery visitors and augment cellar door sales. Originality/value – Previous research has examined winery web sites at the level of the destination marketing organization or individual winery within a country; the authors look at individual winery web sites in international comparison. Wineries seeking to attract tourists to their cellar door operations can thus evaluate their online communications in comparison with national and international competitors and best practices.

The Development of E-business in Wine Industry SMEs: An International Perspective

International Journal of Electronic Business, 8 (2), 126-147. DOI: 10.1504/ijeb.2010.032091

This paper reports on empirical research focused on how small and medium size wineries utilise their websites to provide information, facilitate online purchase and develop customer relationships. Based on a content analysis of a randomly selected sample of Canadian, American, French, Australian and Chilean winery websites, we found that a high proportion of SME wineries utilise websites to provide information to consumers; a range of purchase facilitation models exist; and the proportion of wineries that utilise their websites to develop customer relationships varies across countries. Implications for wineries are discussed; avenues for future research are explored.

Pre-Confederation Canadian Marketing History

Chapter 18 in Brian D.G. Jones and Mark Tadajewski (Eds.), Companion to Marketing History, London: Routledge, 333-352. DOI: 10.4324/9781315882857

Great Granny Lives On: Pursuing Immortality through Family History Research

Chapter 11 in Susan Dobscha (Ed.), Death in a Consumer Culture, London: Routledge, 170-183.

Protect, profit, profess, promote: Establishing legitimacy through logics of ‘diversity’ in Canadian accounting firm recruitment documents

Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. DOI: 10.1002/cjas.1392

Prospective accounting recruits are increasingly diverse. Drawing on a theoretical framework that combines legitimacy theory, impression management, and institutional logics, we use content analysis to examine how the eight largest Canadian accounting firms refer to diversity in their recruitment websites. Our analysis reveals accounting firms adopt multiple institutional logics and various impression management strategies to enhance legitimacy in the eyes of prospective diversity-sensitive employees. We find four “Ps” of diversity-related institutional logics—protect, profit, profess, and promote—all of which are at play in accounting firms' websites. Further, we find that diversity is far from being an institutionalized concept. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development Porn? Child Sponsorship Advertisements in the 1970s

Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 3 (3), 370-401. DOI: 10.1108/17557501111157788

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children in the developing world in a manner described as “development porn”. The purpose of this paper is to take an historical approach to investigating the use of advertising techniques by Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship‐based non‐governmental development agencies, Plan International, during the 1970s. This time period represents an important era in international development and a time of significant change in the charitable giving and advertising industries in Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct a content analysis on an archival collection of 468 print advertisements from the 1970s. Findings – A description of the “typical” Plan Canada fund‐raising ad is presented and shown to be different, in several aspects, from other advertisements of the time period. It was determined that Plan Canada's advertisement did not cross the delicate line between showing the hardship and realities of life in the developing world for these children and what became known as “development porn”. Originality/value – There has been little previous research which focuses specifically on the design of charity advertisements. This paper presents a historically contextualized description of such ads, providing a baseline for further research. It also raises important questions regarding the portrayal of the “other” in marketing communications and the extent to which aid agencies must go to attract the attention of potential donors.

Ideological Outcomes of Marketing Practices: A Critical Historical Analysis of Child Sponsorship Programs

Chapter 1 in Russell W. Belk, Soren Askegaard and Linda Scott (Eds.) Research in Consumer Behavior, Vol. 14, UK: Emerald Publishing, 9-27. DOI: 10.1108/S0885-2111(2102)0000014005

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children from the developing world in a manner described as “development porn” in their marketing communications, and of operating in such a way as to reinforce beliefs that people in the global South are powerless, dependent on help from the developed North. This research takes a critical, historical approach to investigating the marketing practices of Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship-based development agencies, in order to evaluate outcomes of charitable giving at the social and ideological level. Methodology – We adopted a consumer storytelling theoretical lens to conduct narrative analysis of letters written by donors upon their return from visiting their sponsor children. Findings – We reveal how even if aid recipients are treated with respect in marketing communications, ideological outcomes which reinforce Northern hegemony may still result. Social implications – Although charitable acts by individuals are commonly encouraged and lauded, marketers may play a role in perpetuating negative outcomes that result from this consumer action, such as reinforcing notions of cultural difference and superiority. Originality/value of paper – Only a few researchers have investigated the social and ideological outcomes of charitable giving. We investigate the outcome of charitable giving on the donor and recipient communities and relationship between these communities. Models of charitable giving need to be revised to include these outcomes.

Using Winery Websites to Attract Wine Tourists: An International Comparison

International Journal of Wine Business Research, 26 (1), 2-26. DOI: 10.1108/IJWBR-07-2012-0022

Purpose – This paper aims to report on a study of wine regions in five countries that assessed whether and how wineries use their web sites to provide information to and attract wine tourists. Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis of winery web sites from wine regions in five countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, France, USA) was conducted. Findings – While the majority of wineries in the study utilized web sites to provide information to consumers, there were significant differences in the effectiveness with which they did so. Wineries desiring to attract tourist visitors should ensure that basic information content is present (e.g. hours of operation, directions to the winery). Although some wineries have begun to engage consumers on mobile platforms, more can be done to ensure access to information at all stages of the tourist visit process. Research limitations/implications – Due to time and budget constraints, the study evaluated the web sites in only some wine regions of five wine-producing countries. Future researchers can build on this study by evaluating winery web sites in additional wine regions and countries. Practical implications – The authors identify practical ways in which wineries can enhance the information they provide via their web sites to attract winery visitors and augment cellar door sales. Originality/value – Previous research has examined winery web sites at the level of the destination marketing organization or individual winery within a country; the authors look at individual winery web sites in international comparison. Wineries seeking to attract tourists to their cellar door operations can thus evaluate their online communications in comparison with national and international competitors and best practices.

The Development of E-business in Wine Industry SMEs: An International Perspective

International Journal of Electronic Business, 8 (2), 126-147. DOI: 10.1504/ijeb.2010.032091

This paper reports on empirical research focused on how small and medium size wineries utilise their websites to provide information, facilitate online purchase and develop customer relationships. Based on a content analysis of a randomly selected sample of Canadian, American, French, Australian and Chilean winery websites, we found that a high proportion of SME wineries utilise websites to provide information to consumers; a range of purchase facilitation models exist; and the proportion of wineries that utilise their websites to develop customer relationships varies across countries. Implications for wineries are discussed; avenues for future research are explored.

Promoting Canada’s Cultural Mosaic: John Murray Gibbon and the Canadian Pacific Folk Music Festivals

Chapter 19 in Leanne White (Ed.), Commercial Nationalism and Tourism: Selling the National Story, Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications, 264-280.

Pre-Confederation Canadian Marketing History

Chapter 18 in Brian D.G. Jones and Mark Tadajewski (Eds.), Companion to Marketing History, London: Routledge, 333-352. DOI: 10.4324/9781315882857

Great Granny Lives On: Pursuing Immortality through Family History Research

Chapter 11 in Susan Dobscha (Ed.), Death in a Consumer Culture, London: Routledge, 170-183.

Protect, profit, profess, promote: Establishing legitimacy through logics of ‘diversity’ in Canadian accounting firm recruitment documents

Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. DOI: 10.1002/cjas.1392

Prospective accounting recruits are increasingly diverse. Drawing on a theoretical framework that combines legitimacy theory, impression management, and institutional logics, we use content analysis to examine how the eight largest Canadian accounting firms refer to diversity in their recruitment websites. Our analysis reveals accounting firms adopt multiple institutional logics and various impression management strategies to enhance legitimacy in the eyes of prospective diversity-sensitive employees. We find four “Ps” of diversity-related institutional logics—protect, profit, profess, and promote—all of which are at play in accounting firms' websites. Further, we find that diversity is far from being an institutionalized concept. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development Porn? Child Sponsorship Advertisements in the 1970s

Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 3 (3), 370-401. DOI: 10.1108/17557501111157788

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children in the developing world in a manner described as “development porn”. The purpose of this paper is to take an historical approach to investigating the use of advertising techniques by Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship‐based non‐governmental development agencies, Plan International, during the 1970s. This time period represents an important era in international development and a time of significant change in the charitable giving and advertising industries in Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct a content analysis on an archival collection of 468 print advertisements from the 1970s. Findings – A description of the “typical” Plan Canada fund‐raising ad is presented and shown to be different, in several aspects, from other advertisements of the time period. It was determined that Plan Canada's advertisement did not cross the delicate line between showing the hardship and realities of life in the developing world for these children and what became known as “development porn”. Originality/value – There has been little previous research which focuses specifically on the design of charity advertisements. This paper presents a historically contextualized description of such ads, providing a baseline for further research. It also raises important questions regarding the portrayal of the “other” in marketing communications and the extent to which aid agencies must go to attract the attention of potential donors.

Ideological Outcomes of Marketing Practices: A Critical Historical Analysis of Child Sponsorship Programs

Chapter 1 in Russell W. Belk, Soren Askegaard and Linda Scott (Eds.) Research in Consumer Behavior, Vol. 14, UK: Emerald Publishing, 9-27. DOI: 10.1108/S0885-2111(2102)0000014005

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children from the developing world in a manner described as “development porn” in their marketing communications, and of operating in such a way as to reinforce beliefs that people in the global South are powerless, dependent on help from the developed North. This research takes a critical, historical approach to investigating the marketing practices of Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship-based development agencies, in order to evaluate outcomes of charitable giving at the social and ideological level. Methodology – We adopted a consumer storytelling theoretical lens to conduct narrative analysis of letters written by donors upon their return from visiting their sponsor children. Findings – We reveal how even if aid recipients are treated with respect in marketing communications, ideological outcomes which reinforce Northern hegemony may still result. Social implications – Although charitable acts by individuals are commonly encouraged and lauded, marketers may play a role in perpetuating negative outcomes that result from this consumer action, such as reinforcing notions of cultural difference and superiority. Originality/value of paper – Only a few researchers have investigated the social and ideological outcomes of charitable giving. We investigate the outcome of charitable giving on the donor and recipient communities and relationship between these communities. Models of charitable giving need to be revised to include these outcomes.

Using Winery Websites to Attract Wine Tourists: An International Comparison

International Journal of Wine Business Research, 26 (1), 2-26. DOI: 10.1108/IJWBR-07-2012-0022

Purpose – This paper aims to report on a study of wine regions in five countries that assessed whether and how wineries use their web sites to provide information to and attract wine tourists. Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis of winery web sites from wine regions in five countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, France, USA) was conducted. Findings – While the majority of wineries in the study utilized web sites to provide information to consumers, there were significant differences in the effectiveness with which they did so. Wineries desiring to attract tourist visitors should ensure that basic information content is present (e.g. hours of operation, directions to the winery). Although some wineries have begun to engage consumers on mobile platforms, more can be done to ensure access to information at all stages of the tourist visit process. Research limitations/implications – Due to time and budget constraints, the study evaluated the web sites in only some wine regions of five wine-producing countries. Future researchers can build on this study by evaluating winery web sites in additional wine regions and countries. Practical implications – The authors identify practical ways in which wineries can enhance the information they provide via their web sites to attract winery visitors and augment cellar door sales. Originality/value – Previous research has examined winery web sites at the level of the destination marketing organization or individual winery within a country; the authors look at individual winery web sites in international comparison. Wineries seeking to attract tourists to their cellar door operations can thus evaluate their online communications in comparison with national and international competitors and best practices.

The Development of E-business in Wine Industry SMEs: An International Perspective

International Journal of Electronic Business, 8 (2), 126-147. DOI: 10.1504/ijeb.2010.032091

This paper reports on empirical research focused on how small and medium size wineries utilise their websites to provide information, facilitate online purchase and develop customer relationships. Based on a content analysis of a randomly selected sample of Canadian, American, French, Australian and Chilean winery websites, we found that a high proportion of SME wineries utilise websites to provide information to consumers; a range of purchase facilitation models exist; and the proportion of wineries that utilise their websites to develop customer relationships varies across countries. Implications for wineries are discussed; avenues for future research are explored.

Promoting Canada’s Cultural Mosaic: John Murray Gibbon and the Canadian Pacific Folk Music Festivals

Chapter 19 in Leanne White (Ed.), Commercial Nationalism and Tourism: Selling the National Story, Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications, 264-280.

Web Site Utilization in SME Business Strategy: The Case of Canadian Wine SMEs

Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 23 (4), 489-508. DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2010.10593497

This paper reports on empirical reseazch focused on how small- and medium-size Canadian enterprises operating in the wine sector utilize the Internet in their marketing and business strategies to provide information to consumers, create relationships with consumers, and utilize online e-commerce channels to sell more or all of what they produce. Based on a content analysis of the web sites of a randomly selected sample of Canadian wineries, this research found that a very high proportion of SME wineries utilize web sites in their marketing and business strategies. The highest proportion of wineries utilize their sites for providing information, followed by use for e-commerce, and by use of the site for creating and developing relationships with existing and potential consumers. Use of web sites for more sophisticated purposes (e-commerce and relationship building) is significantly related to exporting wine outside of the direct region where the SME winery is located geographically.

Pre-Confederation Canadian Marketing History

Chapter 18 in Brian D.G. Jones and Mark Tadajewski (Eds.), Companion to Marketing History, London: Routledge, 333-352. DOI: 10.4324/9781315882857

Great Granny Lives On: Pursuing Immortality through Family History Research

Chapter 11 in Susan Dobscha (Ed.), Death in a Consumer Culture, London: Routledge, 170-183.

Protect, profit, profess, promote: Establishing legitimacy through logics of ‘diversity’ in Canadian accounting firm recruitment documents

Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences. DOI: 10.1002/cjas.1392

Prospective accounting recruits are increasingly diverse. Drawing on a theoretical framework that combines legitimacy theory, impression management, and institutional logics, we use content analysis to examine how the eight largest Canadian accounting firms refer to diversity in their recruitment websites. Our analysis reveals accounting firms adopt multiple institutional logics and various impression management strategies to enhance legitimacy in the eyes of prospective diversity-sensitive employees. We find four “Ps” of diversity-related institutional logics—protect, profit, profess, and promote—all of which are at play in accounting firms' websites. Further, we find that diversity is far from being an institutionalized concept. Copyright © 2016 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Development Porn? Child Sponsorship Advertisements in the 1970s

Journal of Historical Research in Marketing, 3 (3), 370-401. DOI: 10.1108/17557501111157788

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children in the developing world in a manner described as “development porn”. The purpose of this paper is to take an historical approach to investigating the use of advertising techniques by Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship‐based non‐governmental development agencies, Plan International, during the 1970s. This time period represents an important era in international development and a time of significant change in the charitable giving and advertising industries in Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors conduct a content analysis on an archival collection of 468 print advertisements from the 1970s. Findings – A description of the “typical” Plan Canada fund‐raising ad is presented and shown to be different, in several aspects, from other advertisements of the time period. It was determined that Plan Canada's advertisement did not cross the delicate line between showing the hardship and realities of life in the developing world for these children and what became known as “development porn”. Originality/value – There has been little previous research which focuses specifically on the design of charity advertisements. This paper presents a historically contextualized description of such ads, providing a baseline for further research. It also raises important questions regarding the portrayal of the “other” in marketing communications and the extent to which aid agencies must go to attract the attention of potential donors.

Ideological Outcomes of Marketing Practices: A Critical Historical Analysis of Child Sponsorship Programs

Chapter 1 in Russell W. Belk, Soren Askegaard and Linda Scott (Eds.) Research in Consumer Behavior, Vol. 14, UK: Emerald Publishing, 9-27. DOI: 10.1108/S0885-2111(2102)0000014005

Purpose – Child sponsorship programs have been accused of representing children from the developing world in a manner described as “development porn” in their marketing communications, and of operating in such a way as to reinforce beliefs that people in the global South are powerless, dependent on help from the developed North. This research takes a critical, historical approach to investigating the marketing practices of Plan Canada, a subsidiary of one of the oldest and largest child sponsorship-based development agencies, in order to evaluate outcomes of charitable giving at the social and ideological level. Methodology – We adopted a consumer storytelling theoretical lens to conduct narrative analysis of letters written by donors upon their return from visiting their sponsor children. Findings – We reveal how even if aid recipients are treated with respect in marketing communications, ideological outcomes which reinforce Northern hegemony may still result. Social implications – Although charitable acts by individuals are commonly encouraged and lauded, marketers may play a role in perpetuating negative outcomes that result from this consumer action, such as reinforcing notions of cultural difference and superiority. Originality/value of paper – Only a few researchers have investigated the social and ideological outcomes of charitable giving. We investigate the outcome of charitable giving on the donor and recipient communities and relationship between these communities. Models of charitable giving need to be revised to include these outcomes.

Using Winery Websites to Attract Wine Tourists: An International Comparison

International Journal of Wine Business Research, 26 (1), 2-26. DOI: 10.1108/IJWBR-07-2012-0022

Purpose – This paper aims to report on a study of wine regions in five countries that assessed whether and how wineries use their web sites to provide information to and attract wine tourists. Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis of winery web sites from wine regions in five countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, France, USA) was conducted. Findings – While the majority of wineries in the study utilized web sites to provide information to consumers, there were significant differences in the effectiveness with which they did so. Wineries desiring to attract tourist visitors should ensure that basic information content is present (e.g. hours of operation, directions to the winery). Although some wineries have begun to engage consumers on mobile platforms, more can be done to ensure access to information at all stages of the tourist visit process. Research limitations/implications – Due to time and budget constraints, the study evaluated the web sites in only some wine regions of five wine-producing countries. Future researchers can build on this study by evaluating winery web sites in additional wine regions and countries. Practical implications – The authors identify practical ways in which wineries can enhance the information they provide via their web sites to attract winery visitors and augment cellar door sales. Originality/value – Previous research has examined winery web sites at the level of the destination marketing organization or individual winery within a country; the authors look at individual winery web sites in international comparison. Wineries seeking to attract tourists to their cellar door operations can thus evaluate their online communications in comparison with national and international competitors and best practices.

The Development of E-business in Wine Industry SMEs: An International Perspective

International Journal of Electronic Business, 8 (2), 126-147. DOI: 10.1504/ijeb.2010.032091

This paper reports on empirical research focused on how small and medium size wineries utilise their websites to provide information, facilitate online purchase and develop customer relationships. Based on a content analysis of a randomly selected sample of Canadian, American, French, Australian and Chilean winery websites, we found that a high proportion of SME wineries utilise websites to provide information to consumers; a range of purchase facilitation models exist; and the proportion of wineries that utilise their websites to develop customer relationships varies across countries. Implications for wineries are discussed; avenues for future research are explored.

Promoting Canada’s Cultural Mosaic: John Murray Gibbon and the Canadian Pacific Folk Music Festivals

Chapter 19 in Leanne White (Ed.), Commercial Nationalism and Tourism: Selling the National Story, Bristol, UK: Channel View Publications, 264-280.

Web Site Utilization in SME Business Strategy: The Case of Canadian Wine SMEs

Journal of Small Business and Entrepreneurship, 23 (4), 489-508. DOI: 10.1080/08276331.2010.10593497

This paper reports on empirical reseazch focused on how small- and medium-size Canadian enterprises operating in the wine sector utilize the Internet in their marketing and business strategies to provide information to consumers, create relationships with consumers, and utilize online e-commerce channels to sell more or all of what they produce. Based on a content analysis of the web sites of a randomly selected sample of Canadian wineries, this research found that a very high proportion of SME wineries utilize web sites in their marketing and business strategies. The highest proportion of wineries utilize their sites for providing information, followed by use for e-commerce, and by use of the site for creating and developing relationships with existing and potential consumers. Use of web sites for more sophisticated purposes (e-commerce and relationship building) is significantly related to exporting wine outside of the direct region where the SME winery is located geographically.

Professional Accountants’ Identity Formation: An integrative framework

Journal of Business Ethics, 142(2), 225-238. DOI: 10.1007/x10551-016-3157-z

In this conceptual paper, we explore professional accountants’ identity formation and the roles played by various audiences in society, accounting associations, and accounting firms in shaping the identity of professional accountants. We integrate constructs from social identity theory and the sociology of professions literature with previous research on professional identity, image, and widely held stereotypes of accounting and accountants, to propose an integrated framework of professional accountants’ identity formation. Based on the framework developed, we propose directions for future research.

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